‘Israel has breached the ceasefire resulting in ships not passing through the Strait of Hormuz.’

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AI -(08.04.2026 at 16:40 GMT) – ‘Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that while Israel supports the truce with Iran, the ceasefire does not include Lebanon. This distinction has led to continued combat operations in Lebanese territory, which Iran has warned could cause them to withdraw from the broader agreement.

Although the waterway is technically “open,” normal commercial navigation hasn’t fully resumed. Many major firms, such as Maersk, remain cautious due to requirements that all transit must be coordinated with the Iranian military.’

The total costs to US taxpayers of only 37 days of war is estimated to exceed $42 Billion – see my comment below.

As a percentage of the total US annual GDP this = approximately 0.137%.
So, at this rate, if the war continues for another 12 months this will amount to around 1.5% of total US annual GDP.

Based upon this empirical evidence, Trump is not making any money for the US, he is burning the total US GDP, on the bonfire of an illegal war of aggression.

AI – ‘Total U.S. health expenditure is consistently the highest in the world, with national health spending reaching roughly 18% of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as of 2024.’

1.5 as a fraction of 18 equates to around around 8% of total U.S. health expenditure.

That is what the money could be spent on funding instead of war.

So, why has no mainstream journalist explained these basic economic facts to the American people?

Meanwhile, Israel is carrying out the random mass murder of civilians across Lebanon, i.e. atrocities.


This is Ethnic Cleansing!

Comments added:

This is not a ‘real’ and ‘genuine’ ceasefire. The Strait of Hormuz has now been closed because of Israel’s breach of the ceasefire – AI (08.04.2026 at 17:05) –
‘Strait Closure: Iranian state-affiliated media (Fars News) reports that while two tankers were allowed to pass earlier today following the initial truce, all further tanker traffic has been halted in response to the escalation in Lebanon.
Ultimatum on “All Fronts”: Ibrahim Rezaei, spokesman for Iran’s National Security Committee, issued a stark warning: “Either there is a ceasefire on all fronts, or there is no ceasefire on any front”.
Potential Withdrawal from Truce: A security source told Tasnim News Agency that Iran is considering a formal withdrawal from the ceasefire agreement if Israel’s strikes on Lebanon persist.
Threats of Retaliation: Iranian officials have warned that their “hands are on the trigger” and that they are identifying Israeli military targets for a “punishment” strike in response to the ceasefire violations.’
The missile barrages are predicted to start again in two hours time.

https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/democratic-lawmakers-call-remove-trump-after-civilization-will-die-threat-iran

‘Legally Trump cannot be stopped but he can be impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors.’

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Last night Trump stated an intention to commit ‘War Crimes’ which may also amount to ‘Crimes against Humanity’, on an unprecedented scale since World War 2.

Direct and public incitement to commit genocide is a specific crime under international law, punishable even if the genocide never occurs.

A leader or commander stating an intention to commit war crimes can be used as evidence of a ‘plan or policy’ to commit such crimes, which is a key element in prosecuting crimes against humanity.

Constitutionally, there is no direct, established emergency injunctive procedure in the US judicial system that allows a court to immediately declare that a President’s military orders constitute ‘war crimes’ or ‘crimes against humanity, and subsequently halt them.

While US law includes mechanisms for addressing potential crimes, the separation of powers and the doctrine of Presidential Immunity create severe hurdles for such a declaration.

Under the Supreme Court ruling in Trump v. United States (2024), sitting and former presidents enjoy absolute immunity from criminal prosecution for official acts, which broadly covers actions taken as commander-in-chief, such as ordering military strikes.

US courts typically view decisions regarding military deployment and foreign policy as ‘political questions’ meant for the legislative and executive branches, not the judiciary.

The president is considered the ‘sole organ’ of the nation in foreign affairs, giving them broad discretion over the armed forces.

While no simple injunction procedure exists, there are limited, unconventional legal and political channels that may be used:

(i) ‘The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)’ – Members of the Armed Forces have a duty to disobey unlawful orders. If a military commander refuses an order, it could trigger a court-martial, where the legality of the order would be argued.

(ii) ‘Impeachment’ – Congress has the power to impeach a president for ‘high crimes and misdemeanors,’ which could include war crimes.

(iii) ‘War Powers Resolution of 1973’ – This act provides a legal framework for Congress to force the withdrawal of armed forces if military action is taken without congressional authorization.

(iv) ‘Civilian Lawsuits/Alien Tort Statute’ – In rare instances, individuals have attempted to file lawsuits for violations of international law, but these rarely succeed against the executive branch.

The US is not a party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), meaning the ICC cannot typically prosecute US leaders for actions within the US.

Furthermore, US law (the Hague Invasion Act of 2002) explicitly authorizes the President to use ‘all means necessary and appropriate’ to free any U.S. personnel detained by the ICC, further insulating the Executive from international war crimes charges.

Comments added:

  • The mainstream media do not appear to have grasped that today the world is on the edge of potentially the biggest crisis since the Cuban Missile Crisis. Everything in the news appears to be normal. It is not!
  • Legal experts and international bodies like the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) have recently warned that mass threats against Iran’s infrastructure, such as those described as “bringing them back to the Stone Age”, would flout modern rules of warfare and constitute clear violations of international law. In 2024, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Russian officials for similar ‘widespread attacks on Ukraine’s power infrastructure,’ setting a recent legal precedent.
  • The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols mandate that parties to a conflict distinguish between civilian objects and military objectives. Most bridges and power stations are primarily civilian. To be a lawful target, an object must make an ‘effective contribution to military action’ and its destruction must offer a ‘definite military advantage’. A blanket order to destroy all such facilities fails this case-by-case test. International law prohibits attacking objects ‘indispensable to the survival of the civilian population,’ such as electricity needed for water pumping, healthcare, and food storage. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) defines ‘extensive destruction of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly’ as a war crime. If the destruction is part of a ‘widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population,’ it may qualify as a Crime Against Humanity under the Rome Statute. If the total destruction of infrastructure is calculated to bring about the physical destruction of part of the population (e.g., through starvation or lack of medical care), it could meet the threshold for extermination.
  • Tom Fletcher (Former UK Ambassador/UN Humanitarian Chief) warned that hitting civilian infrastructure like bridges and power plants constitutes ‘war crimes’ under international law, stating such targets are ‘not negotiable’.
  • Dame Emily Thornberry, chair of the UK Foreign Affairs Committee, also condemned the threats, stating that bombing such infrastructure would be ‘unlawful under the Geneva Convention’.

‘The Path of Dialogue.’

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After I have completed the writing of my current book, which is about the ‘Mediation of Cultural Heritage Disputes’, I am planning to write one more book about Mediation entitled – ‘The Path of Dialogue.’

The current chapter structure is as follows:

1. Why we Fight.
2. The Price of Conflict v. Peace.
3. Benefits of Mediation.
4. Competing Narratives and Conflict Analysis – Who are the Parties and Stakeholders and What is at Stake?
5. Is Mediation possible and appropriate – Are the Parties and Stakeholders ready and willing to enter into a constructive dialogue?
6. Getting onto the Path – How does the Process of Mediation work in Multi-Dimensional International Disputes and Armed Conflicts?
7. Agendas, Building Trust and Negotiating in Good Faith.
8. Ethics and Ground Rules.
9. Planning and Preparation – What are the Dimensions of the Dispute.
10. Mediation Framework – What political architecture needs to be innovated, agreed and implemented, in order to end the dispute/conflict and bring about a lasting peace?
11. Joint-development of a Road-Map for Peace.
12. Mediator Tools.
13. Mediation Advocacy Tools.
14. Settlement and Treaties.

See the ‘Path of Dialogue’ page at www.carlislam.co.uk.

Meanwhile, wishing all readers of my posts on LinkedIn a Happy and Peaceful Easter.

I am working over Easter on my next book – the ‘Mediation of Cultural Heritage Disputes.’ These are International Disputes, see my Talk on YouTube:

https://lnkd.in/e-9KagXy

I am on track to complete the research reading I have been undertaking about Mediation in International Relations in six weeks time. I am currently reading the ‘Handbook Of Global And Multicultural Negotiation’ by Christopher W. Moore and Peter J. Woodrow.

After that stage of research has been completed, I will complete my reading of books and articles about Cultural Heritage. So, by mid-August I should be in a position to finalise the Chapter Structure and embark on putting pen to paper.

I estimate that writing process will take around three months. Meanwhile, to view the current Chapter Structure, please visit the ‘Mediation of Cultural Heritage Disputes’ page at www.carlislam.co.uk.

Comments added:

  • ‘Dialogue is an approach for discussing issues and interests that is used in a wide variety of cultures. Where debate is often focused on winning, constructing a stronger argument, or scoring intellectual points, dialogue is orientated toward exploration, striving to understand, and, in some cases, discovering a shared reality. Dialogue is useful for discussing issues, gaining a better mutual understanding of them, and developing solutions that meet the needs and interests of all parties. Dialogue also can be aimed simply at developing better understanding and improving relationships or actually solving problems.’ (The ‘Handbook Of Global And Multicultural Negotiation’, by Christopher W. Moore and Peter J. Woodrow, at page 253).

‘Can Humanitarian Mediation provide a Diplomatic Offramp in an armed conflict?’

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Humanitarian Mediation provides a diplomatic offramp by using urgent, non-political concerns, such as the protection of civilians and delivery of aid, as a neutral starting point for dialogue when formal political channels have failed.

By focusing on ‘low-stakes’ humanitarian goals first, Mediators can build the minimal trust necessary to eventually transition toward broader peace

(i) ‘Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs)’ – Mediators facilitate small, tangible actions like prisoner swaps, humanitarian corridors, or temporary ceasefires for vaccinations. These acts ‘humanize’ the opposition and demonstrate that agreements can be reached and kept without either side losing face or territory.

(ii) ‘Neutral Communication Bridge’ – When direct contact is impossible, humanitarian actors such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, serve as a discreet, impartial link to convey messages. This allows parties to test compromise ideas away from public scrutiny.

(iii) ‘Decoupling Issues’ – It separates immediate survival needs from entrenched political or territorial demands. This ‘problem-solving’ approach allows leaders to de-escalate violence under the guise of ‘humanity’ rather than admitting military or political defeat.

(iv) ‘Legitimacy and Engagement’ – For non-state armed groups, engaging in humanitarian mediation can offer a sense of international legitimacy and a seat at a table, incentivizing them to move toward more formal diplomatic processes.

Humanitarian mediation often serves as Track II diplomacy, where informal talks between non-government experts or NGOs lay the groundwork for official Track I government negotiations. Organizations like the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue explicitly use their humanitarian access to create space for broader political and security dialogue in hard-to-reach conflict zones.

While Humanitarian Mediation does not automatically end wars, it prevents total diplomatic stagnation and provides a ‘slip road’ off the path of escalation, allowing for the eventual reconstruction of the social fabric and durable peace.

‘US War Crimes in Iran.’

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See:

‘Never assume that anything is as it appears!’

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See – ‘Game Theory #18: Trump World Order’: https://lnkd.in/ezc73eZ7

Extract from my 2022 post – ‘Engineering Convergence through Mediation – Can we put the Genie back into the bottle?’

‘As a guest attending the King’s College London School of Security Studies Annual Conference on the 8th and 9th June 2022, I asked a question related to what was then my research interest in ‘Transforming Geo-Political Conflict Through Mediation’.

My Q.  ‘Is understanding what lies underneath competing narratives [‘N’] the key to Mediation of a peace process in a conflict?’

i.e. can analysis of ‘N’ reveal:

(i) the philosophy and political doctrine driving a conflict on each side; and

(ii) psychological biases which are road-blocks in geo-political mediation?

Answer: I drew the following conclusions from the comments made by the speakers in reply:

(i) Mediation is not possible where a participant [‘P’], i.e. ‘P.1’ requires the destruction of the other P – i.e. ‘P.2’, because the values and interests underlying ‘N’ collide [‘C’].

(ii) Mediation is possible where they potentially overlap and can cohere.

(iii) Where a P.1 is a nuclear power [‘PN’], the use of nuclear weapons is a very real potential outcome in C – one speaker thought this was almost an ‘inevitability’ (which is what Professor John Mearsheimer has been warning since 2014 and as recently as May 2022).

Therefore, before undertaking a step in Mediation each P needs to first see the world through the eyes of the other.

If P.1 views the world through a rose-tinted geo-political lens, it will be looking inwards and not outward, in which case the outcome is likely to be strategic miscalculation, i.e. if the result is a mischaracterization of N by P.1, because P.1 either:

(i) does not understand N; or

(ii) does not believe that N is real, actually exists in the psychology of P.2, and therefore is deeply embedded in P.2’s existential political Doctrine.

This incongruence dooms Mediation from the start, because P.1 cannot even see where the ‘rails’ of the underlying and causal political dispute actually are, let alone the direction in which the train is going.’

I never imagined that four years later the US [P.1] would launch an illegal war of aggression against Iran [P.2], which could result in the use of a nuclear weapon by Israel.

Based upon the above wisdom I received at King’s, I do not believe that this armed conflict is capable of Mediation.

On the contrary, I expect the conflict to escalate and spread.

Meanwhile, I invite Mediators on LinkedIn to think about:

(i) ‘N’;
(ii) who the architects of ‘N’ are;
(iii) the underlying ‘dynamic interests’ driving the conflict; and
(iv) who is geopolitically ‘pulling the strings’ of P.1 – because I do not think that Trump is intellectually capable of ‘8-dimensional chess’, let alone of ‘Grand Strategy.’

See also – https://lnkd.in/eser7K_7


See also – https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1917646267?ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_fed_asin_title, – which is my Easter weekend reading!
I wonder if such a Political Thery could in relation ‘geopolitical convergence’, advocate universal principles of global ‘Fiduciary Governance’?, which could include preservation of Cultural Heritage and Monuments, and of course the Environment – which are linked.

Note that Cultural Heritage is entwined with UNESCO’s broader mandate concerning human rights, the rule of law, development, and peace.

Cultural identity is considered to part of human dignity. It is linked to human rights because cultural heritage is of crucial importance to individuals and communities as part of their identity.

As cultural heritage requires memory, this applies to both tangible and intangible heritage, because material and physical heritage needs to be placed in both a historical and cultural context, in order to understand its value.

The cultural heritage of a people is not limited to the tangible expressions of art, architecture, religion, poetry, or writing in general but also includes its intangible heritage, which is transmitted from generation to generation, is constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history, and provides them with a sense of identity and continuity.

More generally, cultural heritage includes the expressions of the people’s spirituality, and the body of values which give meaning to life.

See also:

Joe Kent: Iran War, Israeli Influence & Creating ISIS – YouTube

‘IDF tortures a baby!’

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AI (01,04.2026) – ‘In March 2026, allegations emerged that Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) soldiers tortured an 18-month-old Palestinian baby, Jawad Abu Nassar, to coerce a confession from his father. …

According to family members, witnesses, and regional news outlets like TRT World and Al Jazeera, the incident occurred near the Al-Maghazi refugee camp in central Gaza: Separation and Detention: Jawad’s father, Osama Abu Nassar, was reportedly stopped at a checkpoint, stripped, and interrogated while his son was taken by soldiers.

Physical Abuse: Reports and a medical assessment shared by the family alleged the toddler suffered deliberate cigarette burns on his legs, pricking, and the insertion of a metal nail into his foot.

Release: The child was released after approximately 10 hours through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), while his father remained in detention.

The United Nations Special Rapporteur and organizations like CAIR have cited this and other reports as evidence of systematic abuse of Palestinian detainees.’

‘I told you once that I was searching for the nature of evil. I think I’ve come close to defining it: a lack of empathy. It’s the one characteristic that connects all the defendants. A genuine incapacity to feel with their fellow man. Evil, I think, is the absence of empathy.’ (Gustave Gilbert – who was, an American Army psychologist assigned to the Nuremberg trials. After closely observing and interviewing the Nazi defendants, he reflected on his search for the nature of evil).

See also:

  • ‘Aaron Maté : IDF Tortures a Baby’: https://lnkd.in/eN7mucyb
  • ‘2,000 British Soldiers Serving In Israel’s Army During Gaza GENOCIDE’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MbN6X1JKRh4

    AI (01.04.2026) – ‘British journalist and commentator Owen Jones has heavily criticized the actions of British citizens serving in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the conflict in Gaza, advocating for their prosecution for alleged war crimes.

    Jones has highlighted that British nationals serving in Israel’s armed forces are contributing to atrocities and has called for them to face legal scrutiny. He has stated that “soldiers who committed these war crimes, including Brits,” should be prosecuted, arguing that “following orders” is no excuse.

    The calls for prosecution of these individuals are part of a wider campaign by legal groups, such as the International Centre for Justice for Palestinians (ICJP) and the Public Interest Law Centre (PILC), which have prepared reports to be filed with police regarding British citizens’ involvement in IDF operations, alleging they participated in serious violations.’
  • ‘Brits Face Gaza WAR CRIME CHARGES’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62do2P5mTBk
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8LcRpbZ9qA
  • ‘Torture and genocide Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967’, Francesca Albanese –

    ‘In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967 examines the systematic use by Israel of torture against Palestinians from the occupied Palestinian territory since 7 October 2023, encompassing custodial and non-custodial practices that meet the threshold for genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.

    She documents how torture has become integral to the domination of and punishment inflicted on men, women and children, both through custodial abuse and through a relentless campaign of forced displacement, mass killings, deprivation and the destruction of all means of life to inflict long-term collective pain and suffering.’
    https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session61/advance-version/a-hrc-61-71-aev.pdf
  • https://www.democracynow.org/2026/3/24/headlines/un_special_rapporteur_says_israel_has_adopted_torture_as_state_policy
  • ‘How can any moral person justify or support this!’: https://lnkd.in/eQfD6cm5 – ‘I expect that the image of this depraved woman [who is the Deputy Speaker of the Knesset] holding up a ‘death noose’ and symbolic ‘lethal injection’, will become a defining image of the ‘Genocidal Intent’ of the people she represents. Is this the moral cause for which mothers and fathers in America are giving up their sons and daughter to fight, and to die for?’
  • AI (01.04.2026) – ‘Multiple investigations and reports have documented members of the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) posting photos and videos of themselves with detained Palestinians in humiliating or abusive circumstances on social media. …

    Specific documented instances include an officer posting a photo of himself standing over a handcuffed, undressed hostage, and soldiers filming themselves mocking or forcing detainees into “stress positions”. …

    Investigations by BBC Verify and The New York Times analyzed hundreds of such posts across platforms like TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook. These reports found that many soldiers did not hide their identities when uploading this content.

    Legal experts and human rights organizations, including Human Rights Watch and UN investigators, have stated that filming and publishing such images may constitute war crimes as they violate international laws protecting detainees from “public curiosity” and “humiliating and degrading treatment”. …

    Additionally, high-profile footage from the Sde Teiman detention facility—which reportedly showed soldiers sexually abusing a detainee—was leaked to Israeli media in 2024 rather than posted by the soldiers themselves.’
  • ‘Israel tortured 2 year old child, Gaza doctor testifies’: Israel tortured 2 year old child, Gaza doctor testifies

‘Israel’s parliament passed a sweeping death penalty law targeting Palestinians on Monday, triggering widespread international condemnation – as lawmakers celebrated with champagne inside the Knesset. The bill, approved by 62 of the Knesset’s 120 members with 48 opposed and one abstention, will instruct military courts to impose capital punishment on Palestinians convicted of killing Israelis in acts defined as “terrorism”. It takes effect within 30 days, and crucially, does not apply to Jewish Israelis convicted of the same crime. Far-right extremist National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, who had made the law a core condition of his party’s coalition agreement with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, appeared in the chamber wearing a lapel pin shaped like a metal noose before the vote.’

As far as I am aware Israel has become the first state in history to legislate for a death penalty that only applies to one ethnic group, which in the case of the Palestinians – are living under occupation by Israel in breach of International Law.

‘Globally, In the art and architecture of which ancient civilizations was dualism and symmetry used to reflect the divine principle of cosmic order, balance, and truth?’

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AI – ‘Dualism and symmetry were fundamental to the art and architecture of several major ancient civilizations to mirror cosmic order:

  • Ancient Egypt: The concept of Ma’at (truth, balance, and order) was expressed through strict bilateral symmetry in temples and statues. This reflected the dualism of the Red Land (desert) and Black Land (fertile soil), as well as the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.
  • Ancient China: The philosophy of Yin and Yang dictated that harmony arises from the balance of opposites. This was physically manifested in the symmetrical layouts of palaces and cities, aligned to cardinal points to mirror the celestial order.
  • Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica (Maya and Aztec): Architecture often featured dual temples (like the Templo Mayor) representing opposing forces like rain/fertility and war/fire. Symmetry was used to align buildings with astronomical events, grounding the earthly realm in the divine movements of the stars.
  • Ancient Mesopotamia: Sumerian and Babylonian ziggurats and palaces used rhythmic, symmetrical patterns to represent the king’s role as the mediator who maintains order against primordial chaos.
  • The Andes (Inca and Chavín): The principle of Yanantin (complementary dualism) influenced the “u-shaped” ceremonial centres and dual-walled architecture, emphasizing the union of unequal but complementary parts’ 

‘How and why were dualism and symmetry utilised in ancient Egyptian art and architecture?’

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AI – ‘In ancient Egyptian art and architecture, dualism and symmetry were not merely aesthetic choices but essential tools used to reflect Ma’at, the divine principle of cosmic order, balance, and truth. By mirroring elements across a central axis, Egyptians believed they were manifesting the harmony of the universe and keeping the forces of chaos (Isfet) at bay. 

Why Dualism and Symmetry Were Utilised

The primary motivation was religious and philosophical rather than decorative: 

  • Representation of Ma’at: Symmetry was the physical manifestation of Ma’at, the goddess of balance. Upholding this balance was the sacred duty of the Pharaoh and every citizen to ensure the sun rose and the Nile flooded.
  • Cosmic Duality: Egyptians saw the world in pairs: male/female, light/dark, and life/death. Art and architecture mirrored these dualities to reflect the divine design of the universe.
  • Stability and Authority: Symmetrical poses in statues of pharaohs signified eternal strength, stability, and divine legitimacy.
  • Spiritual Connection: Statues and temples were “spiritual tools” designed to connect the mortal and divine realms. Perfection in form was required for a deity’s spirit to inhabit a statue.
  •  How They Were Implemented

Ancient Egyptians achieved this rigorous balance through specific technical methods and architectural designs: 

  • Canon of Proportions & Grids: Artists used a standardised grid system to ensure identical measurements on both sides of a figure. For example, the Statues of Ramses II at Memphis and Luxor exhibit nostrils and facial features that are mathematically identical.
  • Bilateral Symmetry in Architecture: Temples were often designed with a long horizontal axis where one side mirrored the other. Pylons (monumental gates) consisted of two identical towers flanking a central doorway, representing the horizon.
  • Matching Pairs: Statues and obelisks were frequently created in identical pairs to guard temple entrances, reinforcing the concept of dual balance.
  • The “Composite Pose”: In two-dimensional art, figures were shown from their most “truthful” or representative angles (e.g., torso frontal, face in profile) to capture the ideal essence of the subject rather than a fleeting naturalistic view.’

‘Is there a 2nd Sphinx?’

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See – Filippo Biondi | BREAKING NEWS: Second SPHINX found under Giza Plateau: Filippo Biondi | BREAKING NEWS: Second SPHINX found under Giza Plateau

AI –  ‘While there is no proven second Great Sphinx  at Giza, the idea that one once existed or remains buried is a long-standing theory in Egyptology that has recently gained new attention. 

Current evidence and theories regarding a second Sphinx include:

  • Recent Radar Scans (2026): Italian researcher Filippo Biondi and his team recently claimed that satellite radar scans of the Giza Plateau show a “massive structure” buried under a 108-foot-high mound of hardened sand. They believe this structure is a mirrored twin of the Great Sphinx, aligned geometrically with the pyramids.
  • The Dream Stele: A stone slab located between the paws of the Great Sphinx depicts two sphinxes side by side. Some researchers argue this isn’t just symbolic art but a literal record of two monuments that guarded the plateau.
  • Historical Symmetry: Ancient Egyptian art and architecture often utilised dualism and symmetry. Sphinxes were frequently built in pairs to guard entrances, representing the rising and setting sun.
  • Scientific Skepticism: Most mainstream archaeologists, including former Egyptian Minister of Antiquities Zahi Hawass, have dismissed these claims. They argue the area has been extensively excavated for decades without finding a second statue and that current radar data may simply show natural rock formations or small voids.
  • Other Discoveries: While not a “second Great Sphinx,” other sphinxes exist in Egypt, such as the Alabaster Sphinx of Memphis and two recently discovered large sphinxes at a funerary temple in Luxor.’